As a person who has spent way too many years managing many projects, working with a lot of financial people, and who has worked to improve the results of a lot of organizations, one thing I was expected to focus on was “utilization rates” for people. The thinking seems straight-forward - if we are paying a certain amount of money for a person we can increase the return (value produced) associated with that person by making sure, at a minimum, that the person is working all the time and is always busy. As result I'd work to ensure that people were 90%, 100% utilized and be happy when people reported 110% utilization.

Here's the problem with this type of thinking. Its wrong. Its wrong in so many ways. And the problem is that its wrong in ways that are counter-intuitive to what seems like a pretty simple relationship between cause (people busy) and effect (more stuff).

I want you to have a look at the following chart:

• "Slack: Getting Past Burnout, Busywork, and the Myth of Total Efficiency" by Tom DeMarco. Discussion about the counterintuitive principle that explains why efficiency efforts can slow a company down. Fights against the concept that, for example, 100% utilization of people is the most efficient way to get something done.
• Economic Value of Slack Time
• A Myth of 100% Utilization